W;1 8  0 30 1 7 7 7 5  9SCHNEIDER  140CPU系列處理器140CPU31110、140CPU11303、140CPU11302SCHNEIDER  140CPU系列處理器140CP

W;1 8 0 30 1 7 7 7 5 9
SCHNEIDER 140CPU系列處理器140CPU31110、140CPU11303、140CPU11302SCHNEIDER 140CPU系列處理器140CPU31110、140CPU11303、140CPU11302SCHNEIDER 140CPU系列處理器140CPU31110、140CPU11303、140CPU11302

SCHNEIDER 140CPU系列處理器140CPU31110、140CPU11303、140CPU11302SCHNEIDER 140CPU系列處理器140CPU31110、140CPU11303、140CPU11302

3.2.1.3 冷熱數據別離怎樣結束

現已有了冷熱數據別離的處理計劃了，那么在這一末節里咱們來看看怎樣結束冷熱別離。

結束冷熱別離的底子進程如下：

判別數據冷熱；

將冷數據刺進冷庫；

將冷數據從熱庫中刪去。

要結束這三個底子進程，咱們需求考慮以下內容：

在前面三個進程中，咱們無法百分百確實保不會出問題，因而咱們有必要經過代碼來確保數據的究竟一致性。要結束究竟一致性，咱們能夠在工單表中新加一個列 是否冷數據（是、否，默許：否）。首要冷熱數據別離服務將找到的冷數據全都標記為是冷數據，接著服務將冷數據搬遷到冷庫中，搬遷結束后就從熱庫中將對應的數據刪掉。假定在搬遷或許刪去數據的時分呈現了反常，那么咱們就需求在搬遷和刪去數據的事務代碼中參加重試機制（這兒一般會用干流的重試庫，比方.NET中的Polly，Java中的guava-retry等）。假定屢次重試后依然不成功，那么代碼能夠間斷冷熱數據別離的實施并發出警告，或許越過不成功的數據，繼續實施后續數據的搬遷。在刪去不成功而且越過的狀況下，很有或許會呈現在下次實施冷熱數據別離的時分在冷庫中刺進重復數據的狀況，那么咱們就需求在刺進前判別冷庫中是否存在該條數據，也能夠運用數據庫的冪等操作來結束刺進操作（比方MySQL數據庫的 Insert …On Duplicate Key Update 語句）。

到這兒，咱們考慮一個問題，工單體系數據量巨大，假定一次性將全部冷數據刺進到冷庫中的話是很慢的，有或許需求幾十分鐘乃至幾個小時，那么處理這個問題的綁法有兩種：一種是批處理，一種是多線程處理。

Tip：何為冪等？完全相同的懇求/操作，屢次實施的成果和實施一次的成果相同。

咱們先來說說批處理的辦法。例如咱們的工單體系中的標明的冷數據有1000萬條，那么咱們能夠依照如下的進程進行處理冷熱別離：

取出前1萬條冷數據；

將這1萬條冷數據存儲到冷庫中；

從熱庫中刪去這1萬條冷數據；

循環1到3，直至說有冷數據搬遷結束。

咱們再來說說對線程處理的辦法。多線程處理的辦法分兩種，一種是設置多個不同的守時器，每個守時器會在估計的距離時刻里發起一個線程來處理數據。另一種是運用線程池，先計算出需求搬遷的冷數據總數，再依據每個線程最大搬遷數據量計算出需求多少個線程，假定所需線程數量超越線程池中線程的數量的話，那么就將線程池中的全部線程全部發起（并不是線程越多功率越高）。這兩種辦法的底子原理都相同，同樣需求留心的問題也是相同的。

數據搬遷時應該怎樣避免多個線程搬遷同一條冷數據呢？咱們能夠運用鎖。在工單表上增加一個 加鎖線程ID 字段，用來標識當時數據正在被線程處理。線程每次在獲取數據后，就需求對自己所獲得的數據的加鎖線程ID字段寫入自己的線程ID。寫入線程ID后并不能直接開始搬遷數據了，而是在搬遷數據前再查詢一次自己承認的數據，這是避免向加鎖線程ID字段加寫入數據前被其他線程提早寫入了數據，然后導致多個線程處理同一條數據的問題。再次查詢后咱們就能夠進行數據搬遷了，可是要留心數據搬遷所用的數據是再次查詢后獲得數據，而不是線程剛開始獲得的數據。

到這兒，又有一個問題，假定某個線程掛掉了，鎖就有很大或許沒有釋放（位于工單表中的冷數據沒被刪去），該怎樣處理？其實很簡單，在工單表中增加鎖守時刻列來記載被承認的時刻，并設置當鎖守時刻超越N分鐘后（例如5分鐘，N的值需求在查驗環境中進行屢次查驗后取平均值）就能夠被其他線程從頭承認。

當然這又呈現另一個問題，假定某個線程沒有掛，可是處理數據的時刻也確實超時了，其他線程只知道數據承認超時了，該怎樣辦？咱們能夠運用上一末節所說的數據庫的冪等操作來結束刺進操作。

3.2.1.4 冷熱數據怎樣運用

這個問題處理起來也很簡單，咱們能夠將冷數據查詢和熱數據查詢分紅兩種操作，默許只能查詢熱數據，當需求查詢冷數據時向服務端傳遞一個標識來奉告需求查詢冷數據。

TIP：必定不要進行冷熱數據的一起查詢

3.2.2 計劃二：NoSQL存儲

前面講了同類型數據庫冷熱存儲，運用NoSQL存儲的原理是相同的，只不過是把冷庫從聯絡型數據庫改為了 NoSQL，進程和留心事項也是相同的。可是運用 NoSQL 存儲冷庫的利益是數據量不論多大，只要在 NoSQL的接受范圍內，查詢速度都要比聯絡型數據庫作為冷庫要快，因為咱們的冷庫數據仍是許多的。現在市面上的大部分盛行 NoSQL 都適合做冷庫運用，在實踐項目中需求依據開發組技能水平、項目需求和運維本錢等方面來選擇運用哪個 NoSQL 作為冷庫。

四、總結

分區和冷熱別離說完，這兩種計劃適合有明晰的分區或標識冷熱數據的字段才運用，這個計劃也覆蓋了大部分項目需求，可是還有一些項目需求并不適合這兩種計劃，后續文章我將繼續闡明記住一座城，往往只需要一個地標性建筑，它們或根植于歷史深處，或投射出時代風貌，以獨一無二的韻味形態，映照著這座城市的精神與文明。

放眼西南地區，令人印象深刻的“地標”不在少數。比如，蘊含中華情懷、帶領我們飛越蜀道峻嶺的“太陽神鳥”——成都天府國際機場。而提到重慶，你又會想到哪些獨具鮮明特色的宏偉建筑呢？屹立于長江與嘉陵江交匯之地，來福士建筑群在外觀上猶如一艘“巨輪”，呈揚帆起航之勢。該創意源于重慶豐富悠久的航運文化，化形為江面上強勁的風帆，寓意“揚帆遠航”。在項目設計師摩西·薩夫迪看來，建筑設計并不僅靠靈光乍現，更需要持續的摸索和改進，對設計雛形不斷雕琢，直至大功告成。這一觀點在來福士廣場項目中得以完美全面體現。八座塔樓拔地而起，其中兩座超過了350米，還有一個300米長的水晶連廊，被大眾稱為“橫向摩天樓”。透過晶瑩剔透的玻璃向下俯瞰，你可以270度環繞領略山城風光。

走進廣場內部，創新的交通引導系統和交通樞紐整合了地鐵站、公交中轉站、港務碼頭，并在不同的樓層設置了走道和出入口，便于人們在辦公室、酒店、公寓和娛樂設施之間的往來穿梭。此外，連廊還設置了空中花園、泳池、餐飲等業態，以及玻璃底的觀景天文臺。其設計結構和遮陽系統能夠抵御本地氣候，從多種層面滿足人們的娛樂和游覽需求。值得一提的是，這項被媒體譽為奇跡的工程項目，已獲得美國綠色建筑委員會頒發的LEED-CS金獎預認證。在可持續發展方面，這座具有動感與活力的“未來建筑”已經做好了充足準備。通過區域供暖、熱源回收、高效照明、日光傳感器和雨水收集等先進技術來減少對環境的影響。而ABB電氣產品，如斷路器、電涌保護器、接觸器等，為建筑群免受雷擊和浪涌的危害貢獻了力量，為確保穩定、可靠的電力供應發揮了巨大作用。其中，配電房內的Emax2空氣斷路器在保證大樓供電連續性和可靠性的同時，大大節省了建筑的數字化、綠色化升級成本；Tmax XT系列塑殼斷路器不僅電氣性能參數高，還提供與ACB同一平臺的Touch脫扣器，支持即插即用模塊與多種通信協議，為今后的智能化轉型、在線升級和設備預測性運維實施，提供了可靠的平臺。此外，配電箱內的OVR浪涌保護器讓電力系統更為安全穩定；S200系列微型斷路器幫助建筑避免了因電氣連接不可靠而產生的故障發生。如今，來福士廣場早已成為了山城重慶的一座地標符號，在展現古渝雄關之恢弘氣勢的同時，也延續了重慶人由此出發、通向未來的美好希冀。這就像是重慶對世界發出訊息：“我們來了！”

探尋世界知名建筑，ABB從未止步。歡迎大家關注《建筑是凝固的音樂》系列短片，隨時了解更多建筑故事，與ABB一起環游世界。機器視覺技術，是一門涉及人工智能、神經生物學、心理物理學、計算機科學、圖像處理、模式識別等諸多領域的交叉學科。機器視覺主要用計算機來模擬人的視覺功能，從客觀事物的圖像中提取信息，進行處理并加以理解，最終用于實際檢測、測量和控制。 什么是工業相機？ 工業相機是機器視覺系統中的一個關鍵組件，其本質功能就是將光信號轉變成有序的電信號，相當于機器視覺系統的“眼睛”。相比于傳統的民用相機(攝像機)而言，工業相機(攝像機)具有高圖像穩定性、高傳輸能力和高抗干擾能力等，市面上工業相機大多是基于CCD(Charge Coupled Device)或CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)芯片的相機。 CCD，電荷藕合器件圖像傳感器。它使用一種高感光度的半導體材料制成，能把光線轉變成電荷，通過模數轉換器芯片轉換成數字信號，數字信號經過壓縮以后由相機內部的閃速存儲器或內置硬盤卡保存，因而可以輕而易舉地把數據傳輸給計算機，并借助于計算機的處理手段，根據需要和想像來修改圖像。

CMOS，互補性氧化金屬半導體。和CCD一樣，同為在數碼相機中可記錄光線變化的半導體。CMOS的制造技術和一般計算機芯片沒什么差別，主要是利用硅和鍺這兩種元素所做成的半導體，使其在CMOS上共存著帶N(帶–電) 和 P(帶+電)級的半導體，這兩個互補效應所產生的電流即可被處理芯片紀錄和解讀成影像。

工業相機的作用 工業相機一般安裝在機器流水線上代替人眼來做測量和判斷，通過數字圖像攝取目標轉換成圖像信號，傳送給專用的圖像處理系統，圖像系統對這些信號進行各種運算來抽取目標的特征，進而根據判別的結果來控制現場的設備動作。 隨著國內機器視覺行業的迅猛發展，機器視覺系統的重要組件，工業相機也同樣得到了巨大的發展。數字工業相機對被攝物的大小沒有限制，根據鏡頭的條件，既可以拍攝一般物質，也可以用于顯微鏡攝影。目前，工業相機的主要用途包括以下幾個方面： (1)在開發產品和驗證產品等：如開發金屬材料及樹脂材料時，用來觀察材料受到沖擊時內部裂紋產生的方向、狀態等，可用來分析材料被破壞時物質的結構，及電子產品的工業在線檢測等。 (2)包裝和標簽行業的印刷過程中，能夠實時檢測到高速印刷中細微的缺陷，以便采取措施，減少損失。常見的缺陷如劃痕、灰塵、漏印、墨痕、褶皺等都可被檢測出來，提高投資回報，減少廢品支出，提高了客戶滿意度和信任度。 (3)其他領域：如機器視覺、科研、軍事科學、航空航天等眾多領域，尤其是在智能交通行業：超速抓拍，闖紅燈電子警察、高速路口、卡扣收費等交通行業也得到了良好的使用。 工業相機的分類 企業在實際選購和使用工業相機之前，首先需要確定的就是相機的類型。下面是按照不同的行業標準進行的工業相機分類。 （1）芯片類型 分為CCD相機、CMOS相機； （2）傳感器的結構特性 分為線陣相機、面陣相機； （3）按照掃描方式 分為隔行掃描相機、逐行掃描相機； （4）分辨率大小 分為普通分辨率相機、高分辨率相機； （5）輸出信號方式 分為模擬相機、數字相機； （6）輸出色彩 分為單色(黑白)相機、彩色相機； （7）輸出信號速度 分為普通速度相機、高速相機； （8）響應頻率范圍 分為可見光(普通)相機、紅外相機、紫外相機等。 工業相機為什么會丟幀？ 選擇合適的相機也是機器視覺系統設計中的重要環節，相機的選擇不僅直接決定所采集到的圖像分辨率、圖像質量等，同時也與整個系統的運行模式直接相關。設計不良的驅動程序或工業相機硬件可能會造成丟幀，其原因就是資料通道的堵塞，無法及時處理,所以新的圖像進來時，前一張可能被迫丟棄，或是新的圖像被迫丟棄。要解決這問題，需要設計者針對驅動程序與工業相機硬件資料傳輸的每個環節進行精密的設計。 智能相機與工業相機 智能相機(Smart Camera)并不是一臺簡單的相機，而是一種高度集成化的微小型機器視覺系統。它將圖像的采集、處理與通信功能集成于單一相機內，從而提供了具有多功能、模塊化、高可靠性、易于實現的機器視覺解決方案。同時，由于應用了最新的DSP、FPGA及大容量存儲技術，其智能化程度不斷提高，可滿足多種機器視覺的應用需求。 工業相機與智能相機的應用場合相差不大，但使用上卻有很大的差別，工業相機需要外接控制器，需要專業性比較強的軟件人員來進行編程，可應對各種復雜的檢測要求，而智能相機則內置簡單實用的調試工具，可以獨立工作而不需要外接控制器，操作簡單，容易上手。ABB LGR 分析儀的優勢之一在于其穩定性和便攜性，這兩個關鍵特點解釋了為什么許多客戶將它們用于各種機載操作。不少機載飛行監測溫室氣體的科學研究成果已在一些科學家撰寫的論文中發表。

相比CRDS技術，LGR 專利的第四代離軸積分腔輸出光譜技術（OA-ICOS）不需要實現亞納米級的光路對準，且不需要昂貴且復雜的減振或外部壓力穩定方案，即可在飛行期間提供出色的數據。ABB基于北斗衛星導航系統的ABB Ability?天然氣泄漏檢測車載版與無人機版解決方案，在往屆中國進口博覽會上成功首發后，已為中國眾多城市提供了高精準燃氣管網檢測服務。去年，ABB又推出了“ABB全域多維立體溫室氣體監測管家系統”，基于多種光學吸收原理，廣泛應用于從太空到陸地、從固定污染源到大氣環境站、從點式到線面測量，提供 “天-地-太空” 高密度立體監測技術，精準量化來自城市、工業、基礎設施和農業等各類溫室氣體的源匯貢獻，為國家“雙碳”目標落地提供告價值的基礎數據與領先的技術支撐在機載式應用中，除了此次珠峰科考所采用的直升機載溫室氣體監測解決方案外，ABB在2018年推出了全球第一款高精度輕型無人機載溫室氣體分析系統。

ABB GAL133-GGA無人機載溫室氣體分析儀適用于大面積區域或人類難以進入區域的溫室氣體排放的高空測量，具有靈敏度高、靈活性高、機動性強、監測面積大等優點。GLA133-GGA無人機機載溫室氣體探測可對溫室氣體垂直廓線的直接測量，結果具有更高的垂直分辨率與檢測精度。

Pm511v16 3bse01181r1 is a high-performance programmable controller, whose speed, capacity, performance and function have reached a new level. ● CPU, power supply, input and output integration, built-in high-speed processing and positioning functions. Pm511v16 3bse01181r1 input and output can be expanded to 384 points at most. Powerful expansion functions can be realized through function expansion board and special adapter. I/o acquisition module is adopted. The module can be installed near the sensor end and connected with PLC through a group of communication lines, which not only saves the cost of wiring, but also saves the i/o points of PLC itself. If the field budget of pm511v16 3bse01181r1 is limited, it is obviously more economical to use i/o acquisition module. Modular structure, providing 14 to 128 point input / output range, and can also add extended special function modules (such as analog input / output). The pm511v16 3bse01181r1 transistor output type has two 100kHz pulse sequences for servo positioning applications.

IRB 260 robot is mainly designed and optimized for packaging applications. Although it is small and can be integrated into compact packaging machinery, it can meet all your requirements in terms of reach distance and payload. With abb motion control and tracking performance, the robot is very suitable for flexible packaging systems.

Strong reliability &mdash& mdash; IRB 260 robot with long normal operation time is designed based on IRB 2400 (with more than 14000 installed) which is the most widely used industrial robot in the world.

Fast &mdash& mdash; Short operation cycle time the robot is optimized for packaging applications and equipped with ABB's unique motion control function, which greatly shortens the packaging cycle time.

High accuracy &mdash& mdash; The production quality of parts is stable. The robot has extremely high accuracy. Coupled with ABB's excellent conveyor belt tracking performance, its picking and placing accuracy is first-class whether it is in fixed position operation or in motion operation.

Powerful &mdash& mdash; Wide range of application the robot is optimized for packaging applications, with small size, fast speed and a payload of up to 30kg.

Rugged &mdash& mdash; Suitable for harsh production environment, suitable for harsh environment applications, and the protection grade reaches IP 67.

Good versatility &mdash& mdash; Flexible integration and production the robot is light in weight and low in height, which is easy to be integrated into compact packaging machinery. It has been optimized according to the packaging application, which is the inevitable choice of robot automation. Equipped with a full set of auxiliary equipment (from integrated air and signal system to gripper), abb packaging software pickmastertm can be used together. The mechanical integration is simple, and the programming is very convenient.

In 1974, ABB (then known as Asea) introduced the IRB 6, the first fully electric robot. Today, ABB has nearly 30 models of robots that meet the production needs of a wide range of industries, supported by powerful system integration capabilities and a global sales and service network in 53 countries. Recently, abb signed a supply agreement with Aker solutions, the leader of sustainable energy solutions, to provide major electrical, automation and safety systems for the northern lights project in Norway. Aker solutions is the EPC contractor of the project. The project is the first industrial carbon capture and storage project jointly constructed by Norwegian national oil company equinor, shell and total energy. It aims to develop an open and flexible infrastructure to safely store carbon dioxide emitted by European industry. The first phase of the project is planned to be completed in the middle of 2024, when 1.5 million tons of carbon dioxide will be permanently stored every year, and the storage capacity of the second phase of the project will be expanded to more than 5 million tons per year. ABB's automation, electrical and digital solutions will be an important part of the aurora borealis project to help the new carbon capture terminal achieve remote operation and ensure efficient operation of the facility. With ABB's industry-leading distributed control system ABB ability ? With the system 800xA, operators will be able to have a clearer understanding of the operation of the aurora borealis storage facilities. The real-time and historical data analysis capabilities provided by ABB system can instantly present the operation data and KPIs of the plant, so as to help operators make more accurate and wise decisions and choose the best asset and process performance optimization scheme. Abb is not only the market leader of distributed control system, but also our long-term trusted partner. It has a comprehensive understanding of our business and expertise in land, sea and seabed projects. This is our key consideration in selecting suppliers. We must entrust important remote operations to partners with rich successful experience in reliability and performance optimization, so as to lay a solid foundation for this important development plan.

In order to achieve 1.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide capture by 2030 and achieve net zero emissions by 2050, industrial carbon capture and storage capacity is undoubtedly crucial in view of the current inability to curb industrial carbon emissions. Aurora Borealis is a significant development plan, which not only helps to rebalance the carbon cycle, but also demonstrates the spirit of innovation. We are delighted to participate in this inspiring project and contribute to a safer, smarter and more sustainable future. The special transport ship will transport the captured and liquefied carbon dioxide from the emission site to the aurora borealis ? ygarden storage facility in western Norway, and conduct remote control through equinor's sture terminal facility located about 7 kilometers away. In order to realize remote operation, abb will establish an advanced extended operator workstation in the aurora borealis storage facility, which will work together with sture's central control room to significantly shorten the response time through seamless communication and provide 24/7 remote operation.

ABB will not only provide shore power solutions, but also deploy the main electrical system through the power process management system and the integration of high and low voltage switchboards and transformers to provide power support for the whole project. From July 7 to July 10, abb appeared at the first Xiamen International Red Power new grid equipment exhibition, bringing the world's leading digital distribution solutions. This exhibition focuses on building a tight circulation platform on the supply side and demand side of China's power and electrical industry, and jointly building a new power system with the upstream and downstream of the supply chain to help achieve the "double carbon" goal.

ABB showed its leading medium and low voltage distribution products and system solutions, including ABB unigear ZS1 500mm wide medium voltage air insulated metal enclosed digital switchgear, primegear zx0 environmentally friendly gas insulated switchgear, and neogear ? Laminated busbar scheme low voltage switchgear, ivd4 ? Innovative products and solutions such as medium voltage intelligent solutions show ABB's leading technical support for achieving China's "carbon neutrality" goal. To achieve the goal of "double carbon", we need to build a new power system with new energy as the main body. Through the Multi Strategy precise tuning innovative solution of ABB zee600 smart energy management center, we can realize the flexible and precise regulation of "source network load storage", and create a green, low-carbon, strong, reliable, intelligent, efficient, safe and comfortable smart park. Through AI big data analysis and optimization and precise regulation and management, we can maximize the local consumption of clean energy, Improve energy efficiency and help achieve carbon emission reduction goals. ABB unigear ZS1 500mm wide switchgear, a complete set of power Internet of things solutions for medium voltage air insulated switches, is only 500mm wide, with withdrawable circuit breakers, which reduces the floor area by 25%, realizes the pre assembly of two sets and improves the efficiency of on-site installation. Using ABB ability ? Cloud technology "cares" the health of equipment throughout its life cycle, and realizes the leap forward transformation from passive operation and maintenance and preventive detection to predictive maintenance.

ABB primegear zx0 is a 10/24kv environment-friendly digital gas insulated switchgear launched by ABB in the era of digital economy and double carbon based on mature technology and in line with the concept of modern green development. This product inherits the advantages of existing GIS products and has achieved new breakthroughs in environmental protection, safety, reliability, miniaturization and intelligence. The product can be widely used in residential power distribution, rail transit, commercial construction, industry, highways, bridges and tunnels and other fields. ABB NeoGear ? Low voltage switchgear is a revolutionary innovation of ABB group. Latest neogear ? The switch cabinet adopts the innovative four pole laminated busbar scheme, combined with abb ability ? The connectivity and digital capability of the platform can reduce the occupied space by 25%, reduce the heating capacity by 20%, and reduce the operation and maintenance cost by 30%.

This switch cabinet also has a "higher level" safety design. The full insulation design ensures the safety protection of all live parts. The bus components used are 92% less than those of traditional switchgear, and the electrical connectors are 90% less. On the basis of reducing costs and improving operation and maintenance efficiency, making switchgear safer has become an ideal choice for power, food and beverage, data center and other industries. In addition, ivd4 ? The medium voltage intelligent solution was also presented at the exhibition. It realized the deep integration of VD4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker with sensors and monitoring units. The integrated solution is ready to use, helping customers realize the perception of switchgear status more smoothly and intuitively. The accurate evaluation system provides targeted operation and maintenance suggestions, and brings customers a better, more reliable and safer intelligent distribution operation and management experience. High current type

The circuit topology is named for the use of inductive elements in the DC link of the low-voltage converter. The input side adopts thyristor phase-shifting control rectification to control the current of the motor, and the output side adopts forced commutation to control the frequency and phase of the motor. It can realize the four quadrant operation of the motor.

High voltage type

The step-down transformer is introduced in the front section to step down the power grid, and then connect the low-voltage frequency converter. The input side of the low-voltage frequency converter can adopt silicon controlled phase-shifting control rectification, or two tube three-phase bridge direct rectification, and the middle DC part adopts capacitor smoothing and energy storage. IGBT components are often used in inverter or converter circuits. Through SPWM transformation, alternating current with variable frequency and amplitude can be obtained, and then transformed into the voltage level required by the motor through step-up transformer. It should be pointed out that a sine wave filter (f) needs to be placed between the converter circuit and the step-up transformer, otherwise the step-up transformer will heat up due to excessive input harmonics or dv/dt, or damage the insulation of the winding. The cost of this sine wave filter is very high, which is generally equivalent to 1/3 to 1/2 of the price of low-voltage inverter.

High frequency conversion

The high-voltage converter does not need the voltage rise and fall transformer, and the power device directly constructs the converter between the power grid and the motor. Because the problem of withstand voltage of power devices is difficult to solve, the current direct method is to use devices in series to improve the voltage level. Its disadvantage is that it needs to solve the problem of voltage equalization and buffer of devices, which is complex and difficult. However, this kind of frequency converter has no voltage rise and fall transformer, so its efficiency is high, its mode is high, and its structure is relatively compact.

Vector controlled high-voltage inverter has also been applied.

Current situation abroad

Major foreign frequency converter manufacturers have formed a series of products, and their control systems have also achieved full digitalization. Almost all products have vector control function, and the perfect process level is also a foreign feature. In developed countries, as long as there are motors, there will be frequency converters at the same time. Its current development is mainly shown as follows:

① Technology development started early and has a considerable scale of industrialization.

② The frequency converter that can provide extra large power has exceeded 10000kw.

③ The technical standards of frequency conversion and speed regulation products are relatively complete.

④ The supporting industries and industries related to frequency converters have begun to take shape.

⑤ It can produce power devices in frequency converters, such as IGBT, IGCT, sgct, etc.

⑥ High voltage inverter is widely used in various industries and has achieved remarkable economic benefits.

⑦ Internationalization and localization of products have intensified.

⑧ New technologies and processes emerge in endlessly, and are widely and rapidly applied to products.

Future situation

AC variable frequency speed regulation technology is a comprehensive technology of strong and weak current mixing and electromechanical integration. It not only deals with the conversion of huge electric energy (rectification and inversion), but also deals with the collection, transformation and transmission of information. Therefore, it must be divided into two parts: success rate and control. The former should solve the technical problems related to high voltage and large current, and the latter should solve the software and hardware control problems. Therefore, in the future, high-voltage variable-frequency speed regulation technology will also be developed in these two aspects, mainly as follows:

① High voltage inverter will develop in the direction of high power, miniaturization and lightness.

② High voltage inverter will develop in two directions: direct device high voltage and multiple superposition (device series and unit series).

③ New power semiconductor devices with higher voltage and greater current will be used in high voltage converters.

④ At this stage, IGBT, IGCT and sgct will still play a major role, and SCR and GTO will withdraw from the inverter market.

⑤ The application of speed sensorless vector control, flux control and direct torque control will be mature.

⑥ Fully realize digitization and automation: parameter self setting technology; Process self optimization technology; Fault self diagnosis technology.

⑦ The application of 32-bit MCU, DSP, ASIC and other devices to achieve high-precision, multi-function inverter.

⑧ Relevant supporting industries are moving towards industrialization and large-scale development, and the social division of labor will be more obvious. With the further deepening of technical research, domestic high-voltage converters can be compared with imported converters in theory and function, but due to the limitations of technology, the gap with imported products is still obvious. These conditions are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

① Major foreign products are stepping up their occupation of the domestic market and accelerating the pace of localization.

② The R & D capacity and industrialization scale are increasing year by year.

③ The power of domestic high-voltage inverter is also increasing. At present, the domestic application has achieved 20000KW.

④ The technical standards of domestic high-voltage inverter need to be standardized.

⑤ The industry supporting high-voltage inverter is very underdeveloped.

⑥ The production process is general, which can meet the technical requirements of frequency converter products, and the price is relatively low.

⑦ The key components of power semiconductors used in frequency converters are completely imported, and will be imported for a long time.

⑧ The technological gap with developed countries is narrowing, and products with independent intellectual property rights are being applied in the national economy.

⑨ A frequency converter with the functions of instantaneous power failure recovery and fault recovery has been developed